Effect of the particle size on the ammonia removal rate and the bacterial community composition of bioflocs

The total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) removal efficiency and bacterial community composition of bioflocs with <50-μm particle size, > 50-μm particle size and un-sieved bioflocs were investigated in the current study. The initial ratio of dissolved organic carbon to TAN (DOC/TAN) in the three groups were about 14:1. No significant difference was found in the removal rate of TAN, average concentrations of TAN and nitrite nitrogen among the three groups (P > 0.05). The C/N (w/w) ratio of the > 50-μm bioflocs was significantly higher than those of the other groups. No significant differences were found in the crude protein content in the bioflocs among the three groups. The development of the bacterial community compositions of the bioflocs was analyzed by Illumina MiSeq sequencing analyses. Most OTUs were shared among the three groups at all the sampled time points. With the increase in the relative abundance of phylum Firmicutes, that of phylum Proteobacteria, Chorolexi, and Bacteroidetes decreased in all the three groups. The phylum Firmicutes and genus Bacillus were predominant in all the sampled time points. At the end of the experiment, genus Bacillus accounted for 81% in the < 50-μm group, 82% in the > 50-μm group, and 75% in the un-sieved group.     

Spatial disparities in neighborhood public tree coverage: Do modes of transportation matter?

Urban green space has various environmental and ecological benefits, and uneven access to such amenities has drawn substantial attention from policy makers in developing sustainable community planning. In this study, we illustrate the spatial distribution of publicly owned and maintained trees in Edmonton, Canada and assess neighborhoods’ heterogeneous tree availability by using the container approach. Through spatial regression models, we further investigate the association of neighborhood public tree availability with socio-economic status (SES). We contribute to the existing literature by taking resident modes of transportation into consideration, in addition to many other commonly examined SES such as household income and ethnicity. Another unique contribution of this study is that we distinguish trees planted on different location types (i.e., boulevard, park, and buffer areas) when exploring the unequal coverage across neighborhoods and among different SES groups. Key results include: (1) a general examination without differentiating location types can lead to misleading results and thus provide inappropriate policy recommendations; (2) resident modes of transportation is a critical factor associated with a neighborhood’s public tree coverage; and (3) there exists evident spatial dependence on public tree availability between neighborhoods. The results from this study provide important information to better understand the issue and to allocate public resource (such as tree coverage) more efficiently and effectively to support sustainable community development.     

社群丰容对圈养小熊猫区域分配的影响

为探索社群丰容对重庆动物园圈养小熊猫行为区域分配的影响,2014年1月—2015年2月,用目标动物取样法对比观察春季、夏季、秋季、冬季社群丰容前后圈养小熊猫区域分配。结果表明:社群丰容增加了小熊猫对栖架、树上的利用,减少了内室和裸露地面和近游客区域的利用。树上利用的最大占比值在夏季,丰容增加了11.1%;栖架的利用最大占比值在春季,丰容增加了2.8%;冬季对内室的利用占比值最高,丰容后,其利用占比减少了8.4%,从而相应增加了小熊猫户外停留时间;丰容后,小熊猫对裸露地面的最大利用占比值减少了3.7%,近游客区域最大占比值减少了5.6%。小熊猫对六大区域的最高利用占比,丰容前后没有变化,最高为树上,最少为裸露地面。     

Conversion of cropland into agroforestry land versus naturally-restored grassland alters soil macro-faunal diversity and trophic structure in the semi-arid agro-pasture zone of northern China

Restoration of cropland(termed 'Farm') after abandonment including shrubs(termed 'Shrub'),trees(termed 'Tree') and natural grassland(termed 'Grass') has become a routine process aimed to improve land productivity and control desertification. During this restoration process, soil macro-faunal diversity, and trophic structure were investigated at four types of sites(Farm, Shrub, Tree, and Grass)during growing season in the semi-arid agro-pasture zone of northern China. Results indicated that the Staphylinidae family was found to dominate at the Grass, Shrub, and Tree sites, whiles larval Pyralidae individuals were found at the Grass site only. The density of the omnivores(i.e., Formicidae family) was significantly(P<0.05) greater at the Grass site than at the Tree and Farm sites. The total density and richness of predator and phytophages were found to be markedly(P<0.05) greater at the Grass site than at the Farm site. Meanwhile, we found the taxon richness of predators was significantly(P<0.05) higher at the Shrub site than at the Farm and Tree sites. Compared with the Farm and afforested Shrub/Tree sites,the Grass site had greater density, taxon richness, and Shannon index(P<0.05). In conclusion, natural restoration of abandoned croplands toward grassland was an effective strategy relative to artificial afforestation for improvement of soil biological diversity. Moreover, planting shrub is a preferable measure in abandoned croplands for land development in the semi-arid agro-pasture zone of northern China.     

重金属污染土壤不同修复处理后的土壤动物群落结构特征

为了探讨重金属污染过的土壤经修复后其土壤生态的变化情况,于2014.12—2015.12期间,采用干漏斗法针对经过不同修复处理后的土壤动物群落结构进行追踪研究。研究结果表明:由于污染抑制了某些土壤动物的生存,导致土壤动物的个体数与类群数锐减;而杜绝污染水源后,修复植物根系土壤动物群类群数与个体数增加,并且蜱螨目、弹尾目和线虫纲等常见的土壤动物类群修复效果明显。说明被重金属污染过的土壤在断绝污染水源后,人工种植修复植物不仅可以改善土壤物理性质,而且对根系土壤动物也有修复作用。     

枸杞岛近岸3种生境鱼类群落组成及岩礁区底栖海藻对鱼类群落结构的影响

2005年—2006年及2010年5—6月对枸杞岛近岸岩礁生境分布的底栖海藻进行观测和潜水采样,发现岩礁生境潮下带底栖海藻组成模式分以大型底栖海藻铜藻为优势种和以孔石莼等小型藻类为优势种两类。2009年2月—2010年1月利用组合刺网对枸杞岛海域岩礁、沙地和贻贝筏式养殖区3种生境的鱼类进行了逐月采样,通过采用方差分析、聚类和非度量多维标度等统计分析手段发现:(1) 岩礁生境鱼类以底栖趋礁杂食性为主,沙地生境鱼类以中下层洄游肉食性为主,贻贝筏式养殖区生境鱼类大型个体占优;(2) 岩礁生境鱼类多样性较高,大型底栖海藻生长的岩礁生境中鱼类群落组成较小型底栖海藻生长的岩礁生境稳定。前者为枸杞岛近岸优势种群繁衍提供有利条件,对鱼类幼体和小型个体有诱集作用,为鱼类捕食者提供更多样化的食物选择,鱼类群落较稳定;后者易受外界鱼类迁移的影响,个体数量和生物量月间差异大。     

农户田块尺度冬小麦不同产量水平土壤细菌群落差异

为了明确土壤细菌群落对小麦产量的影响，以河南省济源市冬小麦种植户田块为研究对象，通过采集扬花期麦田土壤样品，利用Illumina高通量测序技术测定细菌16S rRNA V3+V4区序列，分析冬小麦不同产量水平土壤的细菌群落差异。结果表明，高产组土壤铵态氮含量显著高于低产组(P<0.05),土壤有机质含量、速效钾含量、有效磷含量、硝态氮含量、pH值在组间均无显著差异，土壤酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性在组间也均无显著差异。酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和变形菌门(Proteobacteria)是土壤细菌群落的主导菌门。门水平上，小麦产量与芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)、装甲菌门(Armatimonadetes)、纤维杆菌门(Fibrobacteres)、Latescibacteria、Dadabacteria相对丰度显著相关。属水平上，Bryobacter、黄杆菌属(Flavisolibacter)、芽单胞菌属(Gemmatimonas)、丰佑菌属(Opitutus)、黏液杆菌属(Mucilaginibacter)、Dongia、Chryseo...     

不同施肥模式下的稻-克氏原螯虾田块水体菌群初探

为研究不同施肥模式对稻田养殖克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)田块水体细菌的影响,通过采用Illumina高通量测序技术针对施用化肥(CF)、有机肥(OF)和有机肥加腐熟鸡粪(OM)等3种施肥模式的水体细菌进行检测。高通量测序结果显示在3种不同施肥模式下的稻田中主要细菌门类均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)。主要优势菌属为Sporichthyaceae hgcl_clade、Limnohabitans、Polynucleobacter、Alpinimonas、Comamonadacea和Hydrogenophaga。在3种模式中,施用有机肥的田块细菌丰度显著高于施用化肥和有机肥加腐熟鸡粪的田块,细菌物种多样性显著高于施用有机肥加腐熟鸡粪田块,与施用化肥田块差异不显著。结果表明在施用有机肥模式下,水体微生物具有更好的多样性,生态系统更加稳定。有机肥与腐熟鸡粪配施虽然会降低水体细菌的物种多样性,但是腐熟鸡粪与有机肥配施会大大降低蓝藻细菌的丰度。聚类分析结果显示有机肥组与有机肥加腐熟鸡粪组水体细菌群落相似度更高。对稻田水体细菌与水体理化因子关联分析发现,对水体细菌影响最主要的环境因子是溶氧、总氮、pH和总磷。研究结果为不同施肥处理对稻田水体生态环境的影响以及为稻田综合种养施肥模式优化提供理论依据。     

茴香轮作调控土壤细菌群落缓解三七连作障碍的效应及机制

三七是我国特有的中药材，但连作障碍严重制约了其产业发展，轮作是生产上最常用且有效的缓解措施。本研究在三七收获后的土壤上轮作茴香，通过测定轮作土壤水浸液对三七存苗的影响来评价轮作对三七连作障碍的缓解效果，并从轮作对土壤细菌群落的影响方面深入阐释轮作缓解连作障碍的机制。结果表明，茴香轮作后的土壤水浸液可以显著提高三七的存苗率。土壤细菌分析表明，茴香轮作后土壤细菌群落发生了明显改变。细菌的丰富度增加，相对丰度>1%的优势菌门变形菌门Proteobacteria和放线菌门Actinobacteria的相对丰度呈增加趋势。属水平上，轮作茴香使66个属的相对丰度显著增加，其中相对丰度>0.2%的优势菌属有14个；30个属的相对丰度显著降低，其中优势菌属有8个，总体上看相对丰度显著增加的属多于显著降低的属。在相对丰度显著增加的优势菌属中包含常见的拮抗菌属假单胞菌属Pseudomonas和芽孢杆菌属Bacillus细菌。本研究也分离到2株假单胞菌和1株芽孢杆菌对三七根腐病菌腐皮镰刀菌Fusarium solani和Monographella cucumerina具有明显的拮抗活性。因此，轮作茴香可以改善三七连作土壤细菌群落结构，增加土壤中拮抗细菌的丰度，提高三七的存苗率。生产上利用茴香与三七轮作对缓解连作障碍具有一定潜力。